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| LETTER TO EDITOR |
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| Year : 2016 | Volume
: 26
| Issue : 2 | Page : 154-155 |
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Effect of inflammation on nutritional status of patients on maintenance hemodialysis
N Vanitha1, S Kavimani2, P Soundararajan3, D Chamundeeswari4
1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
2 Department of Pharmacology, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences, Puducherry, India
3 Department of Nephrology, Sri Ramachandra Medical Center, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
4 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| Date of Web Publication | 1-Mar-2016 |
Correspondence Address:
N Vanitha
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.171223
How to cite this article:
Vanitha N, Kavimani S, Soundararajan P, Chamundeeswari D. Effect of inflammation on nutritional status of patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Indian J Nephrol 2016;26:154-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Vanitha N, Kavimani S, Soundararajan P, Chamundeeswari D. Effect of inflammation on nutritional status of patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Indian J Nephrol [serial online] 2016 [cited 2021 Aug 5];26:154-5. Available from: https://www.indianjnephrol.org/text.asp?2016/26/2/154/171223 |
Sir,
Malnutrition is a major hurdle for long time survival in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). [1] We evaluated the effect of inflammation on nutritional status in 90 patients (56 males; age 52.6 ± 11.7 years) on MHD for >6 months. Seventy healthy controls (35 males; age 50.6 ± 9.7 years) were also studied. Demographics and dialysis-related data including duration of dialysis and dialysis adequacy for cases were collected. Serum inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by ELISA and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) by immunoturbidimetry were assessed for cases and controls. Nutritional status was assessed using subjective global assessment-dialysis malnutrition score (SGA-DMS). [2] A score of 7-10 was considered as well nourished, 11-20 as mild to moderately malnourished, and 21-35 as moderate to severely malnourished.
The mean dialysis vintage was 20.99 ± 12.08 months and the mean Kt/V was 1.38 ± 0.09. Of 90 cases, 14.4% were well nourished, whereas 31% showed mild to moderate and 54.4% moderate to severe malnutrition. The mean serum TNF-α (39.798 ± 15.19 vs. 6.539 ± 1.22 pg/ml) and hs-CRP (10.158 ± 2.82 vs. 2.66 ± 0.535 mg/L) were elevated in hemodialysis patients compared to control (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in the duration of dialysis and dialysis adequacy based on the nutritional status. There was a difference in the TNF-α (P < 0.0001) and hs-CRP levels (P = 0.02) with respect to the nutritional status. A positive correlation was observed between TNF-α and SGA-DMS (r = 0.630; P < 0.0001) and hs-CRP and SGA-DMS (r = 0.381; P < 0.0001) indicating an increase in the levels of inflammatory markers with an increase in the SGA-DMS scores, which reflected a decline in the nutritional status [Table 1]. | Table 1: Dialysis data and inflammatory markers based on nutritional status of cases
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In Indian population, there is a 50-65% prevalence of mild to severe malnutrition amongst patients with ESRD. Compared to the Western world, the prevalence is higher in Indian patients which could be possibly due to poor socioeconomic status and related consequences like inability to afford to adequate renal nutrition. [3],[4] The prevalence of inflammation varies from 30% to 75% in chronic kidney disease patients and the reasons include factors related to uremia such as decreased clearance of cytokines, oxidative stress, accumulation of advanced glycation end products, and infectious complications and dialysis-related factors such as membrane bioincompatibility, vascular access infections, and endotoxin exposure that stimulates the inflammatory response by activating the production of inflammatory cytokines.
TNF-α, produced by activated macrophage monocytes, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation and is strongly associated with malnutrition. It is also evident that TNF-α is a more precise marker for predicting nutritional and inflammatory status than hs-CRP. [5]
Patients on MHD suffer an inflammatory state which is strongly associated to malnutrition and anorexia. Therapeutic interventions to decrease inflammation are the need of the hour to alleviate malnutrition-inflammation syndrome in patients on MHD.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | |  |
| 1. | Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ikizler TA, Block G, Avram MM, Kopple JD. Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in dialysis patients: Causes and consequences. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:864-81.  |
| 2. | Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kleiner M, Dunne E, Lee GH, Luft FC. A modified quantitative subjective global assessment of nutrition for dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999;14:1732-8. |
| 3. | Prakash J, Raja R, Mishra RN, Vohra R, Sharma N, Wani IA, et al. High prevalence of malnutrition and inflammation in undialyzed patients with chronic renal failure in developing countries: A single center experience from eastern India. Ren Fail 2007;29:811-6. |
| 4. | Nande P . Nutritional status of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. J Community Nutr Health 2013;2:38-47. |
| 5. | Stenvinkel P, Alvestrand A. Inflammation in end-stage renal disease: Sources, consequences, and therapy. Semin Dial 2002;15:329-37. |
[Table 1]
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